Perancangan Peniagaan

Perancangan Peniagaan yang Bijak Mempunyai Potensi untuk Berjaya

Setiap pekerjaan yang bakal dilakukan mesti mempunyai perancangan dan gerak kerja yang teratur. Tujuannya mudah, untuk memastikan semua kerja tersusun dan mengikut perancangan. Perniagaan yang dijalankan mempunyai tujuan iaitu untuk maju. Jika kerja yang dilakukan tanpa perancangan, kelak ia akan menjadi sia-sia. Pendek kata, perjalanan yang dijalankan tanpa direncanakan akan musnah. Perkara ini sangat penting kerana manusia yang normal itu mempunyai sifat mudah lupa. Jadi, perancangan kerja adalah penting. Berdasarkan perancangan yang telah dibuat, semua kerja akan menjadi lancar dan sempurna. Contohnya, Bunyau menaiki kereta dan memandu sejauh 600 kilometer. Apa yang Bunyau cari? Sekiranya dia mempunyai arah dan tujuan, pasti dia sudah sampai ke destinasi yang dirancang. Jika tidak, dia akan memandu sehingga dia sudah tidak mempunyai wang untuk mengisi petrol atau dia akan memandu sehingga kereta yang dipandunya rosak.

Berbalik pada topik asal, perancangan dalam perniagaan merupakan gerak kerja pertama sebelum melaburkan wang yang banyak atau sebelum mendapat pembiyaan. Jika tidak, kita perlu bersiap sedia untuk gagal dan menanggung kerugian berikutan wang yang telah dilaburkan. Kerana, kita perlu berkorban untuk mencapai kejayaan dan perlu melabur untuk mendapatkan keuntungan. Rancangan perniagaan merupakan sebuah dokumen bertulis yang menerangkan secara menyeluruh tentang perniagaan atau projek yang hendak dijalankan. Rancangan perniagaan merupakan pelan induk perniagaan yang menerangkan kajian-kajian yang telah dibuat dan langkah-langkah yang akan diambil pada masa hadapan untuk membangunkan perniagaan, ramalan dan jangkaan serta cara-cara perlaksanaan dan strategi perniagaan. Jika rancangan perniagaan tidak teratur, bagaimana kita mahu meneruskan langkah yang seterusnya. Rancangan perniagaan yang baik mempunyai potensi untuk terus membangun dan berkembang maju.

EFB Compost

Empty Fruit Bunch Composting is a Sustainable Practise in the Oil Palm Plantation

^aJesper Murmute ak Renang, ^bRicheal Anchom anak Ajon, ^cMuhammad Fadzli B. Yahya

^aUniversiti Teknologi MARA Sarawak, Malaysia, jespermurmute@yahoo.com, 0145861272

^bUniversiti Teknologi MARA Sarawak, Malaysia, anchom92@gmail.com, 0178041526

^cUniversiti Teknologi MARA Sarawak, Malaysia, freedom_fly92@yahoo.com, 0145085199

The Malaysian oil palm industry is one of the most highly organized sectors of any national agriculture system of the world. Today, though, the focus has shifted to how well agriculture also meets universally accepted standards of sustainability. The oil palm has had a natural head start in fulfilling sustainability indicators due to its plant physiology of high productivity and efficient carbon assimilation [1]. The growing challenge for agriculture is to find ways to increase crop yields and improve nutrient use efficiency while stabilizing nutrients, replacing those removed in harvested crop, recycling those in the crop residues and ultimately retaining them in the soil organic matter. Nutrient balance management is the most significant good agriculture practice that has evolved to be site-specific and cost-effective in palm oil production. The practice of nutrient balance management is, at the same time, accompanied by protection of the soil, water and air resources. This would result in not only protection from surface runoff and leaching but also in the reduction of gaseous emissions [2].

In oil palm plantation, two major issues relate to sustainability. Firstly, chemical fertilizers increase crop production their overuse has hardened the soil, decreased fertility, strengthened pesticides, polluted air and water, and released greenhouse gases, thereby bringing hazards to human health and environment as well.  It has already been proved how chemical fertilizers pose serious challenges to the balanced and sustainable growth.  Accordingly, scientists and researchers are seen arguing in favor of organic fertilizer as the best solution to avoid soil pollution and many other threats to environment and life caused by overuse of chemical fertilizers. Continuous use of these chemical fertilizers depletes essential soil nutrients and minerals that are naturally found in fertile soil.  Secondly, it related to the  abundance of oil palm by-products in the country, if sustainable management of these by products is not properly dealt, they may lead to environmental pollution.

Thus, why composting is a sustainable practice in the oil plantation? According to [3], composting is the most suitable option amongst the wastes management strategies with economic and environmental profits since this process reduces the bulk volume of organic materials, eliminates the risk of spreading of pathogens, weed seeds or parasites associated with direct land application of manure and leads to final stabilized products, which can improve and sustain soil fertility. Composting of the empty fruit bunch (EFB) with the palm oil mill effluent (POME) could simultaneously treat the solid and liquid waste from palm oil mill [3].  It is reported that the oil palm industry is one of the best sources of agricultural wastes that can be used as organic fertilizers [4] in which these wastes have a high content of organic matter and mineral elements and used to restore soil fertility [5]. The recycling of organic residues in soil can mitigate environmental hazards resulting from intensive agriculture [6].  Composting is a microbial technology that is frequently used to stabilize various types of industrial wastes such as sludge from pulp and paper mill, sugar, oleochemical, pig rearing, olive milling etc. According to [7] composting can reduce the mixture volume by 40– 50%, effectively destroying the pathogens by the metabolic heat generated in the thermophilic phase, degrade a big number of hazardous organic pollutants and provide a final product that can be used as a soil amendment or fertilizer. [8] stated that the end product is rich in humus and plant nutrients.

Universiti Teknologi MARA Sarawak conducted research studies on EFB compost produced from new technology which has shorter period of fermentation in turning oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) into organic fertilizers by using quality germinated bacteria to greatly shorten the fermentation period to 22-25 days from the normally much longer period. The result from research identified that the compost to contain all the elements of nutrients required by the plant. The compost not only contains nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus three major elements, but also contain Boron, Zinc, Molybdenum and other trace elements.  The compost not only can provide complete nutrition for use, but the compost can stimulate growth and reproductive of microorganisms in the soil system which then enrich the nutrients in the soil by accelerating the decomposition of the organic matters therein. The compost also improves texture of soils that are loose and fertile and become easier to farm and more conducive to the growth of the roots of oil palm. The long term application of chemical fertilizer would seal the roots of oil palm with organic fertilizer which will effectively dissolve in organic layer, restore and enhance the absorptive capability of oil palm roots. Last but not least, the compost will increase defense system against drought. The fertilizer retains water in soils and provides a good defense mechanism against drought during dry seasons for the growth of the roots of palms.

In a conclusion, Malaysia as an agricultural base country has a lot of agricultural residues left over. As the world palm oil demand is increasing, the generation of waste is also increasing. If they are discharged untreated, they may cause serious problem and deteriorates the environment in contact. EFB is one of the most available agricultural residues generated from palm oil industry. Thus environmental management through waste management should be given main emphasis. There is a need of appropriate waste minimization or recycling technology which should be easy to operate and cost effective. As palm oil mill effluent is non-toxic and considered as a good source of organic nutrients land application of POME can be a suitable waste management option. Use of composting as well as vermicomposting technology is also an efficient waste management option. From this study, it can be concluded that EFB can be used as alternative substrate for production of eco-friendly. Therefore, environmental management should place the greatest emphasis in waste minimization at source or recycling. Composting provides a viable alternative method for managing organic wastes.

REFERENCES

[1]   Yusof Basiron. 2007. Malaysian Palm Oil Council, Selangor

[2]   K.W. Chan. 2005. Best-Developed Practices and Sustainable Development Of The Oil Palm Industry (2005).

[3]  Kavitha, B., P. Jothimani and G. Rajannan 2013. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 2, No 5, 2013, 930 – 937

[4] N.O. Aisueni & U. Omoti. 1999.  Soil Science Society of Nigeria Conference, Benin, 21-25: 48-499

[5]   Khan et al. 2009. Chemosphere, 41: 197–207

[6]   C. Ordonez, M Tejada, C. Benitez, & J.L. Gonzalez. 2006. Bioresour Technol 97:522-528

[7]   Epstein, E. 1997. Technomic Publ. Co. Inc., Basel, Switzerland.

[8]   S.A. Abbasi & E.V. Ramasamy. 1999. Proceedings of eight national symposium on environment IGCAR, Kalpakkam, India, 220–22.

Oil Palm Leaf Sampling Method

                                                     

Oil Palm Leaf Sampling Method

Samples were taken in the morning due to low level sunlight exposure to the leaflet of oil palm. Front 17 detected from fully open frond at terminal shoot which is the frond 1 where on the left or right of the shoot depending on the left handed and right handed harvesting pattern. Frond 17 was identified by counting downwards from the Frond 1 which was the fully open frond at the terminal shoot.The frond was removed from the tree by using a sickle by cutting three quarters of the total frond length. Frond 17 was identified by the presence of the thorn that was located at three quarter length cut off frond. The frond was cut into three (3) approximately equal sections and whereby the tip and base sections were discarded and placed in the frond placement/stacking. The 12 leaflets were removed from the frond by using sharp knife which consisted of six leaflets removed from the midpoint of the frond section with three from each side of the frond. The remaining included three leaflets from the upper rank of the frond section and three leaflets from the lower rank of the fronds. The leaflets were stored in a cool place at Natural Product Research and Development Centre Laboratory. Then, each leaflet sample was dry cleaned up and not washed to remove particles of dust and small insect that might affect the result. After cleaning, six leaflets from 12 leaflets that collected were used for determination of leaf area and for measurement by using AutoCAD 

Panduan Pembajaan Kelapa Sawit yang Sistematik

PANDUAN PEMBAJAAN KELAPA SAWIT YANG SISTEMATIK .

Salam sejahtera dan salam satu Malaysia kepada pembaca sekalian, topic kita untuk kali ini adalah  mengenai pembajaan kelapa sawit yang sistematik yang dapat memberi keberhasilan yang tinggi serta mengubah struktur tanah menjadi lebih subur kepada tanaman kelapa sawit.  Pembajaan yang sistematik mengikut peringkat umur kelapa sawit tersebut sudah pasti mempunyai perancangan awal bagi  membekalkan nutrient yang mencukupi untuk tumbuhan menjalani proses tumbesaran berperingkat.  Antara perkara yang harus dititik berat sebelum melakukan aktiviti pembajaan kelapa sawit adalah pastikan saliran atau perparitan hendaklah sistematik agar mengelakan berlakunya masalah banjir ataupun takungan air berlaku terutamanya kawasan tanah gambut dan pilih baja yang berkualiti dan pastikan baja tersebut asli. Sekiranya kita tersalah beli baja palsu, kandungan baja tersebut mungkin merosakkan pokok sawit kita.  Ini bagi mengelakan berlakunya pembaziran baja  dan kerugian berlaku kepada peladang sekalian .

Pengurusan tanah gambut amatlah mencabar dan mempunyai kos yang tinggi untuk dikendalikan berbanding dengan tanah yang lain. Oleh itu , kami dari Syarikat Borneo Fetilizer Sdn Bhd memberi panduan sedikit mengenai pembajaan yang sistematik untuk mendapatkan produktiviti yang tinggi. Antara tip yang harus diambil kira adalah elakkan menabur baja pada waktu hujan dan panas terik.  Hujan akan membawa lari baja dan panas akan menjadikan baja meruap. Untuk lebih selamat, tabur dicelah-celah pelepah tandan sawit yang kita telah susun. Jadi, dengan kaedah ini, pokok sawit kita tidak kerugian baja. Pokok mendapat baja yang mencukupi untuk membentuk sel-sel yang berkualiti bagi membentuk buah sawit yang sempurna.

Selain itu, antara kesalahan- kesalahan yang sering ditemui di ladang adalah :  Kaedah penaburan baja tidak betul. Baja tidak ditabur rata tetapi bertompok-tompok dalam bulatan pokok. Ini boleh menyebabkan kerosakan pada akar tanaman dan mengundang kepada kehilangan baja melalui air larian permukaan dan larut resap. Masa pembajaan tidak betul iaitu dilakukan pada musim kering ataupun musim hujan. Kadar baja tidak mencukupi terutama pada kawasan tanaman muda dan yang berpotensi untuk berhasil tinggi akibat daripada penyeliaan yang tidak sempurna. Ketidakseimbangan baja yang ditabur iaitu jenis baja ditabur tidak mengikut keperluan pokok. Salah tempat perletakan baja. Kesuburan pokok diatasi secara mudah iaitu dengan meningkatkan kadar baja berbanding dengan untuk memperbaiki sifat fizikal atau saliran tanah terlebih dahulu. Pelepah pokok sawit yang belum matang kerap kali dicantas secara berlebihan menyebabkan baja yang ditabur banyak tertumpu untuk pembentukan vegetatif pokok berbanding untuk pembentukan bahagian reproduktif seperti bunga dan tandan buah. Seterusmya, antara jenis baja yang digunakan dalam rekomendasi ini adalah baja berbutir sebatian 44, baja tunggal Rock Phosphate dan GML. Bagi memudahkan penentuan kadar baja saya akan bahagikan kepada 3 fasa umur yang berlainan. Jadual pembajaan yang disyorkan adalah sebagaimana berikut:

FASA 1 (1-3 tahun)

* Umur 1 bulan – Baja Rock phosphate - kadar 1.0 kg/pokok/tahun

* Umur 2 bulan - Baja Sebatian 44 - kadar 0.5 kg/pokok/tahun

* Umur 4 bulan – Baja GML – kadar 0.5kg/pokok/tahun

* Umur 6 bulan – Baja Sebatian 45 + boron – kadar 0.5 kg/pokok/tahun

* Umur 8 bulan – Baja Sebatian 44 – kadar 0.5 kg/pokok/tahun

* Umur 12 bulan – Baja Sebatian 45 + boron -kadar 0.5kg/pokok/tahun

* Jumlah 3.5kg/pokok/tahun

Umur 2 tahun (3 kalipusingan setahun)

# Baja Sebatian 44 – kadar 1.0kg/pokok/pusingan

# Baja Rock phosphate – kadar 1.5kg/pokok/tahun

# Baja Sebatian 45 + boron – 1.5kg/pokok/tahun

Jumlah 6.0 kg/pokok/tahun

Umur 3 tahun(2 kali pusingan setahun).

Baja Sebatian 44 – kadar 1.5kg/pokok/pusingan 

Baja Rock phosphate – kadar 1.5kg/pokok/tahun

Baja GML – Kadar – 1.5kg/pkok/tahun

Baja Sebatian 45 + boron- kadar 2.0kg/pkok/tahun

Jumlah 6.5 kg/pokok/tahun

FASA 2 (4-20 tahun)

Umur4-6 tahun (2 kali pusingan setahun)

# Baja Sebatian 44 – kadar 2.0kg/pokok/pusingan

# Baja Sebatian 45 + boron – kadar 2.0kg/pokok/tahun

# Baja Rock phospate – kadar 1.5kg/pokok/tahun

# Baja GML – kadar 1.5kg/pokok/tahun

Jumlah 9.0kg/pokok/tahun

Umur 7-20 tahun (2 kali pusingan setahun)

# Baja Sebatian 44 – 2.5kg/pokok /pusingan 

# Baja Sebatian 45 + boron – kadar 2.5kg/pokok/tahun

# Baja Rock phospate – kadar 2.0kg/pokok/tahun

# Baja GML – kadar 2.0kg/pokok/tahun

Jumlah 11.5kg/pokok/tahun

FASA 3 (21 tahun hingga tebang) :

Umur 21 tahun dan keatas(3 kali pusingan setahun)

# Baja Sebatian 44 – kadar 2.0kg/pokok/pusingan 

# Baja Rock phospate – 2.0 kg/pokok/tahunJumlah

Jumlah8.0kg/pokok/tahun

Semoga panduan yang diberi beguna kepada pembaca sekalian ….. sekian terima kasih